August 3 is a date that holds special significance for the Alltech family. This year, Alltech team members around the world are reflecting on the legacy of founder Dr. Pearse Lyons, who would have celebrated his 80th birthday in 2024.

Known for his innovative spirit and compassionate heart, Dr. Lyons inspired so many to make a positive impact in the lives of others. In his honor, Alltech team members have embraced Make a Difference Day, an opportunity to give back to our communities. Frequently, Make a Difference projects extend well beyond that one day, and many are close, long-standing relationships with organizations in need.

This year, Alltech New Zealand has chosen to focus on a cause close to their hearts: Saving Hope, a dedicated pup rescue and rehabilitation organization that lives by the motto “No Dog Left Behind.” Since its founding in 2017 by mother-daughter duo Janine and Anita Hinton, Saving Hope has successfully rescued, rehabilitated and rehomed over 3,000 dogs. Its commitment to a “no-kill” policy has provided countless rescue pups with the care and love they deserve.

In alignment with the Make a Difference campaign, the Alltech New Zealand team organized a blanket drive for Saving Hope, collecting essential items such as blankets, bedding, dog food, and accessories.

They were thrilled to partner with The Natural Pet Treat Company Limited, which generously donated 3,000 bottles of lactose-free pet milk. Additionally, three local Bunnings Warehouse stores in Manukau, Mt. Wellington and Botany served as donation points, enabling the community to contribute directly to the mission.

This outpouring of generosity by the Alltech New Zealand team alongside these community partners reflects the shared commitment to animal welfare that Dr. Lyons championed throughout his life.

Saving Hope expressed gratitude on social media, stating, “It has been an incredible month for kind souls wanting to help the pups in our care.”

If you feel inspired to make a difference in the lives of rescue pups, consider ways you can donate or otherwise contribute to a dog shelter, including:

1. Pet team collaborations: Join forces with local animal shelters and organizations like Saving Hope to amplify your impact.
2. Dog shelter donations: Items such as food, blankets and toys are always in demand. Check with your local shelter for specific needs.
3. Organize a drive: Set up your own blanket or food drive in your community to collect essential items for your favorite shelter.
4. Spread the word: Share on social media about pup rescues and how others can help.

Your time and contributions can help transform lives, one pup at a time. Together, we can ensure that no dog is left behind.

For more information on how to support Saving Hope, or to learn about other ways to help rescue pups, reach out to the Alltech team or visit Saving Hope today.

About the author:

Terran Ronne is head of marketing for global pet and corporate accounts at Alltech. She has been with Alltech since 2015 and previously served as the company’s Midwest marketing specialist and Western U.S. marketing manager. She is former president of the National Agri-Marketing Association’s Northern Prairie chapter and served as the treasurer of its board for four years. Ronne holds an undergraduate degree in public relations and journalism from North Dakota State University and a master’s degree in agriculture from Murray State University. She is based in the Alltech office in Brookings, South Dakota.

Weaning can be stressful for both calves and producers. A good diet can help, supporting the calves’ growth and productivity throughout the feeding period. Importantly, such a diet can also guard against illness and bacterial infection, both of which can gain a toehold at this transitional time.

Respiratory disease is the most common ailment during the weaning period. For example, a calf is most susceptible to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) during its first four weeks post-weaning. BRD costs the beef industry over $1 billion annually, and prevention is key in reducing treatment costs and preventing performance losses.

Gut health is crucial

Since an animal’s digestive tract contains approximately 70% of its entire immune system, rumen development and gut health should be at the top of the list when weaning and receiving calves and getting them started on feed.

Gut health refers to an animal’s ability to efficiently absorb and utilize nutrients and to keep harmful microbes and pathogens contained. If the lining, or barrier, of the digestive tract is weak, these microbes and pathogens can escape into the rest of the body, causing numerous diseases, including BRD.

Because cattle stressors — not only weaning itself, but transportation, commingling, changes in diet, and diet restriction — can harm the gut lining, continuous support for gut health is essential. Feeding strategies that focus on this are vital to increasing performance and reducing treatment costs, leading to more profitable production.

Vitamins and minerals

Many good articles and blogs are available to provide tips for successfully weaning calves and adapting them to feed. A good rule of thumb is that calves should be consuming 2.5% to 3% (on a 100% dry matter basis) of their body weight within the first 30 days post weaning. Gradual increases in feed quantity, along with gradual diet or ingredient changes, will aid in the proper adaptation of rumen microflora, improving gut health.

However, feed quantity is only part of the puzzle. Microbes within the digestive tract have vitamin and mineral requirements for proper function and nutrient digestion. Supplementing these in the weaning ration is crucial to gut health, not only supporting nutrient uptake overall but enhancing immunity and improving response to vaccines and treatments.

Vitamin and mineral supplements vary widely and should be chosen carefully for maximum benefit. For example, organic trace minerals are considerably more bioavailable to calves during weaning, which aids in nutrient absorption, bolsters gut health, and reduces harmful excretions of excess minerals into the environment.

Beneficial bacteria

Prebiotics and probiotics are also gaining ground in today’s feeding and supplementation programs. Both are excellent options to improve gut health at weaning.

Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth and activity of bacteria within the digestive tract, providing “food” for the beneficial microbes already existing there. Research shows that prebiotics enhance rumen fermentation, improve digestion, aid in nutrient absorption, and contribute to immune system development.

Probiotics are specific types of live microorganisms, including bacteria from the Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus groups as well as mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) derived from yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They help shift the gut microbiome in favor of helpful microbes that are known to improve health and performance. Probiotics also naturally produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), vitamins, enzymes and antimicrobial compounds, which play important roles in building gut health and integrity and reducing harmful inflammation.

Weaning is an especially tricky time, but a smart diet strategy can turn it into an opportunity. By providing good nutrition to your calves, you can promote growth and productivity, prevent illness and infection, and maximize profitability.

About the author: 

Bryan Sanderson grew up in Lake Preston, South Dakota, and spent most of his childhood working on pig, crop and cattle farms. After receiving a degree in animal science from South Dakota State University, with minors in ag marketing and ag business, Bryan began his impressive career in animal agriculture. With experience in livestock production, feedlot supervision, sales and finance, Bryan is currently the U.S. beef business manager for Alltech.

I want to learn more about beef nutrition. 

Asia-Pacific’s dominance in aquaculture

Global aquaculture production now accounts for 51% of the global supply of aquatic animals, surpassing fisheries for the first time — and this increase is primarily driven by growth in the Asia-Pacific region, which in 2022 produced 83.4 million metric tons (MT) of aquatic animals out of the 94.4 million MT produced worldwide.

Innovations in aquafeed formulations

The aquaculture industry’s rapid expansion is supported by innovations in aquafeed formulations, with fed aquaculture now representing 73% of total production. With fish meal and fish oil becoming scarcer and more expensive, the industry has turned to alternative protein sources, primarily plant-based ingredients.

Soybean meal is the most common plant protein used in the diets of farmed aquatic species, with inclusion rates varying across species such as Asian sea bass (25%), white-leg shrimp (35%), and pangasius catfish (42%). Other plant-based ingredients — such as wheatmeal, cornmeal and byproducts like dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) — are also widely used.

Risks of mycotoxin contamination

While plant-based ingredients are essential for sustainability, they bring the risk of mycotoxin contamination.

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by specific fungi that grow on plants before and after harvest, especially in inadequate storage conditions. Common mycotoxins in aquafeeds include Fusarium-produced toxins (e.g., fumonisins and deoxynivalenol), as well as aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, which are produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species during storage.

The Alltech 37+® lab offers advanced mycotoxin analysis technology such as liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which allows for the detection of up to 54 different mycotoxins. To assess the general risk of mycotoxin contamination, we examined the mycotoxin profiles of samples of soybean meal, DDGS, wheat and corn.

• Over 90% of DDGS samples contained Fusarium-produced mycotoxins such as fumonisins, and around 13% of these samples also contained aflatoxin B1.
• Soybean meal samples were found to contain fusaric acid, while wheat and corn samples showed high levels of type B trichothecenes (e.g., deoxynivalenol).
• Notably, emerging mycotoxins — toxins that are not yet regulated — were found in over 70% of all samples tested, highlighting the rising risk and the necessity of proper mycotoxin management.

Effects of mycotoxins on aquatic species

The presence of mycotoxins in aquafeeds poses significant risks to aquatic species. Mycotoxins can impair growth, immune response, and overall health in fish and shrimp.

Each aqua species exhibits specific sensitivities to different mycotoxins. For instance, carp are particularly vulnerable to deoxynivalenol, which has been shown to affect organ health and reduce growth performance. T-2 toxin, another common mycotoxin, can decrease feed intake and cause oxidative stress and DNA damage in common carp.

In shrimp, even low concentrations of deoxynivalenol (around 330 ppb) can lead to reduced weight gain and can impact gene expression related to antioxidative defenses. T-2 toxin and fumonisins also significantly affect shrimp health, leading to muscle deterioration, reduced growth and increased mortality. These changes not only affect the animals’ welfare but also reduce the quality and nutritional value of shrimp for consumers.

Geographical regions also vary in their susceptibility to the different mycotoxin types. For instance, storage mycotoxins such as aflatoxin and ochratoxin A are of particular concern in the Asia-Pacific region due to the high temperatures and humidity that favor their growth. These mycotoxins can reduce feed efficiency, damage vital organs like the hepatopancreas, and lower survival rates in aquatic species.

Mycotoxin prevention and mitigation strategies

Mycotoxin contamination can occur before and/or after harvest — but preventing fungal growth on crops pre-harvest has become increasingly challenging due to climate change. As a result, feed mills are now more likely to receive feedstuffs that have already been contaminated in the fields.

Fortunately, some preventive and corrective steps can be implemented at this stage to mitigate the risk of exposing fish and shrimp to mycotoxins. In fact, mycotoxin prevention and mitigation strategies along the aquafeed supply chain are primarily implemented at the feed mill level (Figure 1). The implementation of a monitoring plan at feed mills, which screen feedstuffs upon arrival, is an effective option for preventing mycotoxin contamination.

Alltech® RAPIREAD™ technology is another effective option, enabling feed producers to quickly identify and analyze up to seven key mycotoxins on-farm. Producers should also periodically send samples of their feedstuffs and final feeds for a full-spectrum analysis by a certified lab such as the Alltech 37+ lab, which can detect up to 54 different mycotoxins.

Based on the results of those analyses, feed producers can strategically supplement mycotoxin-adsorbing agents — such as those in the Mycosorb® range from Alltech — in their formulas. Some producers may decide to include these agents for prophylactic purposes without necessarily implementing a full mycotoxin-monitoring plan.

Another common feed-formulation strategy is to include mold inhibitors, such as Alltech’s Mold-Zap®, to help inhibit fungal growth and minimize the risk of contamination during storage. 

Figure 1. Recommended mycotoxin prevention and mitigation strategies for feed mills

The role of yeast cell wall extract (YCWE)

Evaluating the effectiveness of any multi-binding agent is crucial, considering that feedstuffs and aquafeeds are commonly contaminated with multiple mycotoxins.

In the literature, Mycosorb solutions are referred to as yeast cell wall extract (YCWE) and backed by decades of scientific research. Among the various detoxifying agents with multiple-mycotoxin-binding claims tested in vitro, YCWE has demonstrated the greatest efficacy, adsorbing more than 50% of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin and aflatoxin B1. YCWE has also been successfully tested in vivo in several aquatic species.

Mycosorb technology consists of insoluble carbohydrates primarily derived from the glucans in the cell walls of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain of yeast. Mycosorb A+® goes a step further by combining these yeast cell wall components with carbohydrate components from algae. The flexible surfaces of these active yeast cell wall components facilitate the absorption of free mycotoxins. More specifically, β-D-glucans feature spaces that align perfectly with specific mycotoxins, making them optimal binding sites. The algal components of Mycosorb A+ further enhance its binding capacity, allowing it to adsorb a broader range of mycotoxins.

Unlike clay-based mycotoxin binders, the yeast and algae components of this solution do not interact with the essential nutrients, minerals or vitamins included in the diet. Instead, they specifically bind mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract, inhibiting the absorption of mycotoxins into the bloodstream and their distribution to target organs. They also promote the excretion of mycotoxins through the feces. As a result, the bioavailability of these mycotoxins is minimized, as is their potential impact on animal health and performance.

For more information on how to manage the mycotoxin threat to your business, please contact our team. You can also find additional resources at knowmycotoxins.com.

About the author:

Dr. Vivi Koletsi is a global technical support specialist within Alltech’s Technology Group. She collaborates with the company’s global Aqua team regarding all technologies on the aquatic species side.   

Dr. Koletsi, a native of Ioannina, Greece, first became interested in aquaculture while completing her undergraduate studies in biology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. She began focusing on fish nutrition in earnest while pursuing her master’s degree in aquaculture and marine resource management at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. This interest led her to complete an internship with Alltech Coppens, during which she established a protocol to help prevent mycotoxin contamination in aqua feeds. 

Upon earning her master’s degree, Dr. Koletsi continued her mycotoxin research at the doctoral level with support from Alltech in collaboration with the Aquaculture and Fisheries Group at Wageningen University & Research. While completing her doctoral studies, Dr. Koletsi conducted trials at Alltech Coppens’ facilities while continuing laboratory work at Wageningen. Her focus was on mycotoxins’ impact on rainbow trout.  

Dr. Koletsi joined Alltech as a team member upon completion of her Ph.D. in 2023. 

I want to learn more about nutrition for aquaculture. 

In the latest episode of “Mycotoxin Matters,” host Martin Minchin, commercial marketing director at Alltech, is joined by Dr. Alexandra Weaver and Dr. Jules Taylor-Pickard to delve into some comprehensive meta-analyses conducted by Alltech’s research teams. These analyses focus on the effects of mycotoxins on monogastric animals like pigs and poultry.

Here are the key takeaways from the discussion:

Overview of meta-analyses

Meta-analysis, a statistical method that combines results from multiple studies, has become a vital tool in Alltech’s research. A key benefit of meta-analysis is the ability to simplify complex research, making it easier to make informed decisions based on a thorough review of existing evidence.

Dr. Alexandra Weaver, global technical support at Alltech, highlighted the benefits of meta-analysis: "Meta-analysis allows you to bring all of the different research within a category together and get one overall conclusion."

“It also simplifies research by summarizing many studies into one comprehensive paper, making it easier for readers to interpret and for producers to address issues like mycotoxins more effectively,” added Dr. Jules Taylor-Pickard, technical director, technology group at Alltech.

By gathering data from numerous individual studies, Alltech’s mycotoxin meta-analyses have provided robust insights into the overall impact of mycotoxins and the efficacy of mitigation strategies.

Impact of mycotoxins on animal performance

Mycotoxins, toxic compounds produced by certain types of fungi, pose a significant threat to livestock health and performance. These toxins can contaminate feed, leading to a range of adverse effects on animals, including reduced growth rates, decreased reproductive performance, weakened immune systems, and even mortality. For monogastric animals like pigs and poultry, the presence of mycotoxins in their diet can result in notable declines in productivity, such as reduced egg production and weight in laying hens and impaired growth in broilers and pigs. Addressing mycotoxin contamination through effective mitigation strategies is crucial for maintaining livestock health and farm profitability.

Key mycotoxins affecting monogastric animals include mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone, each bringing a unique set of challenges:

• Aflatoxins can cause liver damage and suppress immune function, leading to increased susceptibility to diseases.
• Fumonisins are known to impair organ function and reduce growth rates.
• Trichothecenes, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), inhibit protein synthesis, causing feed refusal and gastrointestinal issues.
• Zearalenone mimics estrogen, leading to reproductive disorders and reduced fertility in animals.

Understanding these impacts and risk factors — including how various combinations of mycotoxins may cause damage that they would not cause individually — is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies to protect animal health and the productivity of any livestock production.

In this podcast, Dr. Weaver and Dr. Taylor-Pickard highlight how mycotoxins negatively affect animal performance and discuss what strategies may be helpful in combating the problem. For example, in the meta-analysis carried out by Alltech, in a group of laying hens under a mycotoxin challenge, the mycotoxins were found to reduce egg production by 6.3 percentage points and decrease egg weight by 1.95 grams. However, the administration of yeast cell wall extract (YCWE) to another group under a mycotoxin challenge significantly mitigated these effects, improving egg production by 4.24 percentage points and increasing egg weight by 1.37 grams.

Broader research findings

Alltech’s meta-analysis research extends beyond laying hens to include broilers and pigs. Key findings include:

• Broilers: Mycotoxins potentially increase the carbon footprint of production. Using YCWE improved feed efficiency and reduced mortality, thus lowering the carbon footprint.
• Pigs: Even mycotoxin levels below regulatory guidelines negatively impacted performance, notably average daily gain. Utilizing YCWE significantly improved growth metrics.

Translating research to practical applications

Dr. Taylor-Pickard emphasizes the importance of translating scientific findings into practical solutions for livestock producers. Meta-analyses make it easier to understand complex data and apply it effectively on farms, enhancing both animal welfare and farm profitability. For instance, the application of meta-analysis results has been shown to provide an ROI of 4.7 to 1 in laying hens.

Future directions in research

The podcast episode also explores future research directions, particularly in the increasingly important area of sustainability. Alltech’s commitment to using advanced techniques like nutrigenomics allows for deeper insights into how nutritional interventions can improve animal health and productivity while addressing consumer concerns and regulatory requirements.

Conclusion

Alltech’s extensive meta-analyses underscore the significant impact of mycotoxins on livestock and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies like YCWE. These insights not only enhance our understanding of mycotoxins but also provide actionable strategies to improve livestock production and sustainability. As research continues, Alltech remains at the forefront, integrating advanced scientific methods to address the evolving challenges in livestock production.

🎧Listen to the Mycotoxin Matters podcast episode here.

About the author:

Chloe Chisholm is the content manager for the Technology Group at Alltech. In this role, she is responsible for planning and delivering compelling content for all technologies and services in collaboration with the Technology Group marketing leads and wider Alltech creative team. Chloe has been with Alltech since 2022, previously supporting the Mycotoxin Management team as a digital marketing specialist. Chloe holds a degree in English language and literature from Brighton University and is based in Stamford, U.K.

Functional nutrition and your pet

Like humans, pets rely on balanced nutrition to support their bodies in every way, from providing energy to promoting immunity, well-being, brain function and even reproduction. This means that for optimal health, pets need a diet full of essential nutrients and functional ingredients.

Modern pet nutrition begins with solutions for the gut, where the animal’s food is initially absorbed and utilized. Without a healthy gut, all other body systems suffer — and the key to maintaining pet gut health is introducing beneficial bacteria.

We may think of bacteria as a bad thing, but in fact, all animals rely on beneficial bacteria for health. The bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract constitute the gut microbiome, which needs to maintain enough good bacteria to keep the bad bacteria in check. With a good gut microbiome balance including diverse and healthy bacteria, nutrients from food are readily absorbed and utilized, maximizing nutrition and minimizing food waste.

Of course, a healthy gut supports healthy digestion, helping your pet avoid common GI issues such as loose stools. But a strong gut barrier and gut immune response also have benefits across multiple body systems. With a strong microbiome, your pet is more likely to have healthy skin and a glossy coat, plenty of energy, and overall comfort and well-being.  

From giving a puppy or kitten the best start in life to supporting a senior pet’s changing needs, and at every stage in between, providing the right diet is essential. It can also help a pet’s GI system recover when it is damaged due to illness, infection or antibiotic treatments.

The gut health and immunity connection

The gut has a strong influence on immune response. It is often the first system to “recognize” pathogens and respond to infections. Disruptions to gut health can compromise these immune functions and increase the animal’s susceptibility to disease. In fact, research has found that 90% of diseases can be traced back to problems with gut health and the microbiome. This highlights the significant benefits of a healthy gut for resistance and resilience against illness and infection.

The power of prebiotics

You may have heard of probiotics, but what about prebiotics? These innovative fiber supplements boost microbial diversity, strongly supporting your pet’s natural defenses.

Microbuild™, from Alltech, is a prebiotic fiber supplement that nurtures gut health and overall pet well-being. This nutritional technology is based on a specific strain of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been specifically selected and cultivated by Alltech scientists for maximum efficacy in promoting intestinal health.

Microbuild, launched in 2023, got its start in the revolutionary science of nutrigenomics, which studies the unique relationship between nutrition and gene expression. It’s also based on decades of Alltech research and development, using yeast-based solutions to address a broad range of health issues across multiple species.

Even during bacterial challenges, Microbuild works to increase microbial diversity in the gut, sustaining pet health across the lifespan. With the simple inclusion of Microbuild in a balanced and nutritious diet, pet owners will see a real and lasting difference in their pets’ health.

To learn more about how Microbuild works and how you can use it to promote a happier, healthier life for your pet, contact us at alltech.com/microbuild.

About the author: 

Steve Elliott serves as global vice president, corporate accounts and pet, at Alltech. Prior to this role, Elliott was Alltech’s global director of the mineral management and enzyme divisions. He has worked with Alltech for nearly 30 years.

Elliott sits on the executive board of the American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) and also serves on its equine committee. He is an active member of the American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS). Elliott has authored or co-authored numerous articles for professional journals and trade publications about trace mineral status and how it can affect the well-being of animals and local populations. His current research focuses on the various ways that organic trace minerals — and selenium in particular — can improve the health and performance of modern livestock.

Elliott holds an undergraduate degree in animal science and a graduate degree in nutrition from the University of Florida.

In aquaculture, maintaining proper fish health is crucial to avoid incurring significant economic losses. While gut health often takes center stage, the skin and gills are also critical first lines of defense. This blog explores the potential of functional feed materials — particularly the refined form of mannan oligosaccharides, the mannan-rich fraction (MRF) — to enhance those defenses. Discover the science behind these innovations and their practical benefits for a more sustainable aquaculture industry.

Prebiotics

Prebiotics are generally included in aquafeed formulations as functional feed materials to help support normal immune functions and enhance nutrient absorption, digestion and, ultimately, the animal’s performance. Gibson and Roberfroid (1995) defined a prebiotic as “an indigestible fiber that can enhance the growth and activity of health-promoting bacteria in the intestine and beneficially affect the host.” Along with their ability to effectively outcompete pathogenic bacteria and discourage adhesion, these health-promoting bacteria can also ferment prebiotic substrates, resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids, which helps boost intestinal functions by increasing mucus and also affects the immune response (Fatima and Mansell, 2019).

From the gut to skin and gill health

While much research has focused on the effects of prebiotics on fish gut health, other mucosal surfaces — such as the skin and gills — are often overlooked. Nevertheless, skin and gills also act as a critical first line of defense for a fish’s overall health, as these large surface areas are exposed to the aquatic environment and, therefore, serve as primary targets for pathogen attachment and invasion in finfish. The mucus layer covering the epidermal and gill epithelial surfaces is not just a physical barrier; it contains potent immunologically active molecules, underlying mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue elements and microbiota, which facilitate the development and homeostasis of the host fish’s immunity (Cabillon and Lazado, 2019). However, under stressful fish farming conditions (e.g., high stocking densities, fluctuating temperatures in open systems due to climate change), a disruption of the symbiotic host-microbiome relationship can lead to significant changes in the microbiota structure — which favors the growth of opportunistic pathogens (Debnath et al., 2023).

Pathogenic challenges

Disease outbreaks in aquaculture stem from complex interactions between fish hosts, farming conditions and pathogens (Figure 1; adapted from Moreira et al., 2021). These outbreaks can lead to welfare challenges for animals and financial losses for producers. Bacterial and parasitic agents cause severe, unpredictable and difficult-to-treat infections on the skin and gill surfaces. For example, the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis, which is responsible for sea lice infestations in salmon farms that cause skin wounds and secondary infections, significantly impacted revenues and led to financial losses estimated at US$436 million for the Norwegian industry in 2011 (Abolofia et al., 2017). As aquaculture evolves, sustainable disease management strategies will be required to protect animal welfare, health, the environment and the producer’s profitability (Lieke et al., 2020)

Figure 1. The main factors influencing the interactions between pathogens, hosts and the farming environment in fish disease outbreaks.

Mannan-rich fraction (MRF)

According to Bondad‐Reantaso et al. (2023), since the European ban on subtherapeutic antibiotics in animals, including fish, mannan oligosaccharides have become a primary alternative strategy for disease management in aquaculture. Mannan-rich fraction (MRF), the refined version of mannan oligosaccharides is characterized by α-(1,2)- and α-(1,3)-D-mannose branches connected to extended α-(1,6)-D-mannose chains (Hu et al., 2024). Alltech’s MRF is derived from the cell wall of a select strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and is among the most-studied functional feed materials in farmed animals (Spring et al., 2015).  Research findings support MRF’s protective role against various health challenges in skin and gills across different fish species, including salmonids (salmon and trout), freshwater species (catfish and tilapia), marine species (greater amberjack) and ornamental fish (goldfish). Some of those key findings are summarized in Table 1.

Protective roles

Feeding trials without pathogenic challenges have already shown the potential of MRF to support normal functions of the mucosal immune barrier. In a study of rainbow trout, skin mucus production increased after 12 weeks of feeding MRF (Rodriguez-Estrada et al., 2013), and in studies in goldfish (Huang et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2024), longer gill lamellae, greater thickness of the dermal dense layer of skin, the number of mucous cells in the tissues of skin and gills, and an upregulated expression of genes related to Mucin-2, mannose receptors, phagocytosis and inflammation were noted after 60 days of feeding MRF.

The results of other trials across different fish host species have confirmed the activation of the necessary mechanisms that support normal functioning of the mucosal immune barriers, discourage the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria and impact the immunological responses of the challenged fish fed with MRF. For instance, the dietary supplementation of MRF in the diets of Atlantic salmon (Dimitroglou et al., 2011) was associated with a reduced total number of the parasitic copepods Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus attached to the epidermis — which was also reflected in the reduced number of fish infected by sea lice (Figure 2A). In grass carp, supplementation with MRF helped alleviate the skin damage (Figure 2D) caused by the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila (Lu et al., 2021). A similar observation was noted for greater amberjack challenged by the monogenean flatworm parasite Neobenedenia girellae (Fernández-Montero et al., 2019), which experienced a significantly reduced number of parasites per fish surface and a decreased total length for the parasites associated with feeding MRF (Figure 2B). In goldfish challenged by the parasitic protozoa Ichthyophthirius multifiliis — which causes white spot disease, also known as ich — another research group demonstrated a significantly lower number of white spots and a diminished infection rate after feeding diets that included MRF (Huang et al., 2022; Figure 2C).

The protective influence of MRF has been evaluated not only through demonstrations of lower parasitic counts and clinical symptoms on skin and gill surfaces but also by increased resilience in infected fish. Several studies have reported significantly higher cumulative survival rates — including in rainbow trout fed MRF and challenged by Aeromonas salmonicida (Rodriguez-Estrada et al., 2013), in channel catfish fingerlings fed MRF and challenged by Flavobacterium columnare (Zhao et al., 2015) and in goldfish fed MRF and challenged by ich (Huang et al., 2022). These studies attributed this protection to the positive impact of MRF, which is correlated with the altered expression of inflammatory cytokines and immunoactive substances (e.g., lysozyme and alkaline phosphate activities) that favor resolution and repair processes.

Figure 2. MRF studies in different fish species. A) Salmon: A reduced number of sea lice and number of infected fish (Dimitroglou et al., 2011). B) Greater amberjack: A reduced number of parasites and parasite length (Fernández-Montero et al., 2019). C) Goldfish: Reduced white spot counts, infection rates and mortality (Huang et al., 2022). D) Grass carp: Reduced red-skin morbidity (Lu et al., 2021).

To further increase our understanding of the mode of action of MRF, research was recently conducted in goldfish using ich as a model health challenge (Liu et al., 2024). New insights from the transcriptome data from the study of Liu et al. (2024) suggests that MRF bind to the mannose receptors in fish macrophages, stimulating their phagocytic function, promoting non-specific immunity, and alleviating parasitic infections through the MRF immunomodulatory role.

Conclusion

Diseases cause significant losses to aquaculture operations. As such, investing in control and mitigation techniques is essential for a farm’s economic sustainability — especially considering the unknown impacts of climate change on infectious agents. As the research has shown, natural dietary tools such as MRF technology are cost-effective solutions that can help nutritionists formulate diets that boost physical mucous barriers, discourage the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria and support normal immune responses. This extensive research demonstrates the holistic protection of MRF beyond gut health, highlighting additional protective effects on the skin and gill surfaces across various species.

Table 1. Summary of studies in various fish species that investigated the potential role of MRF in protecting skin and gill health during common health challenges in aquaculture.

About the author:

Dr. Vivi Koletsi is a global technical support specialist within Alltech’s Technology Group. She collaborates with the company’s global Aqua team regarding all technologies on the aquatic species side.   

Dr. Koletsi, a native of Ioannina, Greece, first became interested in aquaculture while completing her undergraduate studies in biology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. She began focusing on fish nutrition in earnest while pursuing her master’s degree in aquaculture and marine resource management at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. This interest led her to complete an internship with Alltech Coppens, during which she established a protocol to help prevent mycotoxin contamination in aqua feeds. 

Upon earning her master’s degree, Dr. Koletsi continued her mycotoxin research at the doctoral level with support from Alltech in collaboration with the Aquaculture and Fisheries Group at Wageningen University & Research. While completing her doctoral studies, Dr. Koletsi conducted trials at Alltech Coppens’ facilities while continuing laboratory work at Wageningen. Her focus was on mycotoxins’ impact on rainbow trout.  

Dr. Koletsi joined Alltech as a team member upon completion of her Ph.D. in 2023. 

I want to learn more about nutrition for aquaculture.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant challenge in finding and deploying new antibiotic treatments against bacteria. The growing threat of drug-resistant infections amplifies these challenges, making it crucial for agriculture to minimize its contribution to AMR.

The role of poultry in AMR

Chicken and eggs, being versatile and high in protein, are staples in many meals, making poultry one of the most consumed meats worldwide. By 2032, total poultry consumption is expected to reach 100 million tons. However, raw chicken and eggs can harbor pathogens like Campylobacter, Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens, which cause foodborne illnesses. These bacteria can contaminate food products during slaughter and processing, posing a major public health concern.

Traditionally, antimicrobials have been used to address these pathogens. However, misuse and overuse of these tools has accelerated the emergence of AMR, where resistant bacteria — and the genes that cause that resistance — can spread from food animals to humans through the food chain.

AMR is one of the top ten threats to global health, associated with 4.95 million deaths annually, a number that could potentially increase to 10 million per year by 2050. AMR also burdens healthcare systems economically, costing the UK’s National Health Service £180 million annually (US$229 million) and the US $55 billion: $20 billion for healthcare and $35 billion for loss of productivity.

Raising awareness and reducing antibiotic usage

Increased awareness of AMR has led many countries to ban antibiotic growth promoters in animal feeds. Despite these bans, resistance rates remain high. For instance, the latest European Union report (2021–22) highlights the fact that bacteria found in chickens, turkeys and hens are highly resistant to a commonly used type of antibiotics called fluoroquinolone.

To combat AMR in poultry production, a multifaceted approach is essential. This should include:

• Improved biosecurity, sanitation and waste management
• Reduced antibiotic usage under veterinary supervision
• Elimination of antibiotic growth promoters
• Strong vaccination programs, disease surveillance and vector control
• Good nutrition
• Alternatives to antibiotics and improved gut health

Innovative solutions: Mannan-rich fraction (MRF)

Alternatives to antibiotics focus on improving gut health and the microbiome of birds. Mannan-rich fraction (MRF), derived from yeast cell walls, supports bird performance and health by modulating the microbiome, binding pathogenic bacteria, and promoting gut health.

Recent research also shows MRF’s impact on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. Studies (Smith et al., 2017; 2020; 2022) demonstrate that MRF reduces the growth of antibiotic-resistant E. coli by 46%, and by 73% when combined with antibiotics (ampicillin). To accomplish this, MRF boosts certain proteins involved in the energy production process and increases the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the bacteria. These changes lead to more effective killing of the bacteria and a shift in how the bacteria respond to antibiotics.

A holistic approach to food safety

With chicken and eggs being central to many diets, ensuring the safety of poultry products is paramount. Reducing foodborne infections from Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli can decrease mortality, alleviate economic burdens, and reduce the spread of AMR from agriculture to humans.

Adopting a robust, holistic approach to food safety in poultry production is vital. Innovative solutions like MRF help reduce the prevalence of resistant bacteria, making antibiotics less necessary and boosting their efficacy when needed. This approach helps the agricultural sector mitigate its contribution to AMR, safeguarding public health.

About the author: 

Dr. Harriet Walker is the poultry specialist for the Alltech^® Technology Group. Within this role she provides technical support to the sales force and supports and interprets poultry research activities, focusing on providing solutions to optimize animal performance and efficiency.

Before taking this role, Harriet worked in the industry as a poultry nutritionist, developing a solid nutritional and technical knowledge base. She has extensive experience in bird nutrition and management over various farm sizes and poultry types.

Harriet completed her Ph.D. at Nottingham Trent University in 2013, evaluating the gut health and performance of broilers when feeding supplements to reduce antibiotic use, elucidating their mode of action. She also studied animal science at the University of Nottingham, where she completed her third-year dissertation in poultry nutrition in 2009.

I want to learn more about nutrition for poultry.

The expansion of aquaculture has presented challenges for the aquafeed industry, especially when it comes to meeting increasing demands while also ensuring both environmental sustainability and economic viability for farmers.

A key strategy for addressing these challenges is the utilization of flexible feed formulations, which allows for the inclusion of diverse plant-based raw materials and byproducts. To create effective flexible feed formulations, nutritionists must first overcome potential nutritional challenges, such as the anti-nutritional factors that are typically associated with plant ingredients.

In this blog, we will discuss how multi-enzyme technologies can help improve nutrient utilization, enhance feed efficiency and diminish the cost of aquafeed formulations.

The evolution of aquafeed composition

As the fastest-growing food production sector worldwide, aquaculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and in the greater effort to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations, including "Zero Hunger" (Hasegawa et al., 2019). Despite its rapid growth, scientists estimate that aquaculture production will need to expand even more by 2050 to meet the increasing demand for seafood and affordable protein (Boyd et al., 2022).

While limited availability and the prices of traditionally used marine ingredients from wild-caught stocks (i.e., fishmeal and fish oil) could have created a bottleneck for the growth of feed production and aquaculture, respectively (Cottrell et al., 2021), the industry evolved and diversified the composition of its aquafeeds to include alternative terrestrial-based raw materials, helping maintain and support the expansion of aquaculture (Naylor et al., 2021).

These changes have even been reflected in the diets of carnivorous species over the past 30 years, and the inclusion of plant-based ingredients in salmon and rainbow trout diets in Norway climbed to 60% in 2020 (Aas et al., 2022). A typical composition for these diets, including a list of plant-based ingredients, is presented in Figure 1.           

Nutritional challenges of plant-based ingredients

It is important to note, however, that the shift towards more economical and sustainable raw materials has brought with it nutritional challenges that feed producers must solve. These potential challenges include amino acid deficiencies, poor digestibility and palatability, and an increased risk of mycotoxin contamination.

Additionally, almost all plant ingredients contain certain anti-nutritional factors (Hussain et al., 2024). These factors, which are found in the form of natural substances, can interfere with the digestibility/absorption of nutrients. The most common anti-nutritional factors that can negatively impact fish productivity include protease inhibitors, phytates (i.e., phytic acid), glucosinolates, saponins, tannins, lectins, oligosaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), phytoestrogens, alkaloids, antigenic compounds and gossypols (Francis et al., 2001). Among these compounds, NSPs and phytates receive the most attention from fish nutritionists and are the primary reasons for restricting the inclusion of plant materials in aquafeed formulations.

NSPs are complex carbohydrates that serve as major structural components of plant cell walls, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and beta-glucans. Wheat — the main carbohydrate source used in aquafeeds — contains 119 g/kg of NSP in its dry matter, while soybean meal, the primary plant protein source, contains 217 g/kg (Sinha et al., 2011). However, most aquatic species lack NSP-degrading digestive enzymes, preventing NSP from serving as an energy source (Kaushik et al., 2022). The negative effects of NSPs are associated with their viscous nature, which leads to the decreased digestibility and absorption of macronutrients (Sinha et al., 2011; Kaushik et al., 2022).

When phytic acid binds with minerals to form phytate salts, it becomes the primary storage form of phosphorus in plants (Shankaran & Kumari, 2024). The phosphorus in commonly used plant-based feedstuffs mostly comes from phytate phosphorous, which can be included in proportions reaching up to 80% (Cao et al., 2007; Kumar et al.,2011). Phosphorus is essential for aquatic organisms, although they have a limited ability to break down phytate. As a result, phosphorus cannot be utilized in the phytate form and is excreted into the environment (Cao et al., 2007). Additionally, in the gastrointestinal tract, phytate binds to minerals (e.g., Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺) and interacts with nutrients such as fatty acids and protein, leading to reduced bioavailability — which raises further concerns about water pollution and the environmental impact of aquafeeds (Kumar et al., 2011). Since processing treatments are not very efficient in reducing the content of anti-nutritional factors, the best approach to improving carbohydrate utilization is via the supplementation of carbohydrase enzymes and the bioavailability of phosphorus with phytase (Kaushik et al., 2022).

Enzyme technology and its benefits

Enzyme technology is a promising tool to mitigate the adverse effects of the anti-nutritional factors present in the plant feedstuffs used in animal feeds (Steinberg, 2022). According to Liang et al. (2022), the global market size for animal feed enzymes was over US$1.3 billion in 2021 and is projected to expand further by 2028 due to their cost-effectiveness and sustainability considerations.

Comprehensive studies that reviewed the supplementation of exogenous phytases, carbohydrases and proteases in aquafeeds concluded that they have significant potential as functional additives for improving the nutritional value of aquafeeds (Castillo and Gatlin, 2015; Zheng et al., 2020; Liang et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2024). These studies have also illustrated that the efficacy of enzymes depends on the diet composition and application method.

The inclusion of enzymes is recommended in diets with a high content of plant-based materials and byproducts, and post-spraying application is advised to ensure maximum enzyme stability (Liang et al., 2022). Finally, it has been noted that enzyme supplementation is more effective when a cocktail of enzymes is used rather than a single enzyme type (Zheng et al., 2020).

A commercially available multi-enzymatic solution from Alltech is derived from the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of a select strain of non-GMO Aspergillus niger. Extensive research has explored the potential of multi-enzyme complexes to enhance nutrient utilization and growth in economically significant farmed fish species. Some of Alltech’s research footprint can be seen in a flyer (available here), which summarizes trial results across different species, including warm-water fish such as tilapia, catfish and pangasius, as well as key species in marine aquaculture, like seabass and red seabream. Collectively, the results have shown that the application of the multi-enzyme is beneficial for growth and feed utilization, measured as improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR), as well as an increased digestibility of phosphorous and nutrients (e.g., protein and amino acids) and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus excretions.

Overall, multi-enzyme technologies can provide flexibility in feed formulations by targeting different substrates and enhancing nutrient utilization. These improvements lead to better fish performance and higher economic returns for producers. Additionally, utilizing these technologies can minimize nutrient discharges, allowing the aquaculture industry to demonstrate its responsibility toward the aquatic environment and sustainably produce food, thereby reducing its environmental impact.

About the author:

Dr. Vivi Koletsi is a global technical support specialist within Alltech’s Technology Group. She collaborates with the company’s global Aqua team regarding all technologies on the aquatic species side.   

Dr. Koletsi, a native of Ioannina, Greece, first became interested in aquaculture while completing her undergraduate studies in biology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. She began focusing on fish nutrition in earnest while pursuing her master’s degree in aquaculture and marine resource management at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. This interest led her to complete an internship with Alltech Coppens, during which she established a protocol to help prevent mycotoxin contamination in aqua feeds. 

Upon earning her master’s degree, Dr. Koletsi continued her mycotoxin research at the doctoral level with support from Alltech in collaboration with the Aquaculture and Fisheries Group at Wageningen University & Research. While completing her doctoral studies, Dr. Koletsi conducted trials at Alltech Coppens’ facilities while continuing laboratory work at Wageningen. Her focus was on mycotoxins’ impact on rainbow trout.  

Dr. Koletsi joined Alltech as a team member upon completion of her Ph.D. in 2023. 

I want to learn more about nutrition for aquaculture.

If you ask any farmer or producer about their greatest challenges, one issue is sure to appear near the top of their list: how to share agriculture’s vital role in feeding the world and combating climate change with consumers. With misinformation and mixed messages about agriculture often making headlines, how can those on the front lines of ag connect with the rest of the world about sustainability in a way that truly resonates?

This question and many others were top-of-mind for attendees at the 2024 World Pork Expo, held in Des Moines, Iowa, in early June. Presented by the National Pork Producers Council, World Pork Expo brings together pork producers to discuss the latest challenges, opportunities and innovations for the sector through a tradeshow, educational seminars, presentations, networking events and more.

One panel discussion in the business seminar focused on sustainability and the importance of communicating effectively about agriculture’s commitment to improving it. The panel, moderated by Mark Hulsebus, sales and portfolio director at Alltech, featured:

• Dr. Mark Lyons, president and CEO of Alltech
• Dr. Frank Mitloehner, professor and director of the CLEAR Center at the University of California, Davis
• Dr. Gordon D. Spronk, member of the National Pork Board and emeritus chairman of the board of directors at Pipestone
• Maria Zieba, vice president of government affairs at the National Pork Producers Council

The conversation began with an acknowledgement that the word “sustainability” carries a lot of weight — but that it is possible to see sustainability differently through the lens of another word: stewardship.

“I know there are many producers who have a beef, so to say, with the term sustainability,” said Mitloehner. “But I just want to propose the following: ‘Sustainability’ and ‘stewardship’ are pretty much the same thing.”

“If you think ‘sustainability’ is a curse word,” he added, “get over it. You should own it. You should be proud of it, because it should be your farm’s legacy. Don’t hide behind it. The world wants it. Why not showcase it?”

Being a good steward of the land and taking care of animals are top priorities for every farmer and producer.

“Who would say, ‘I don’t want to be the best steward of those animals, their welfare and health’?” Mitloehner asked. “We all want to be the best stewards — and by pursuing (sustainability), we are working on our legacy.”

Spronk said the concept of stewardship has always been fundamental to agricultural production — and the key now is to illustrate that to consumers in a tangible way.

“My grandfather never knew the word ‘sustainability,’ but he knew ‘stewardship’. He knew from his worldview that the land he owned and the animals he took care of were temporary,” said Spronk. “For us at the farm level, we understand stewardship; it’s doing the right thing every day, including for the land. And now it just seems like society is asking us to prove it. We need the data.”

The available data bears proof of the agriculture industry’s efforts to transform and improve. As Mitloehner explained, emissions from animal agriculture have been roughly stable since 1990, and farmers are making major impacts on the environment by utilizing anaerobic biodigesters, reducing methane emissions and implementing other environment-friendly management practices.

“When I look at all the data from 30, 20, 10 years ago versus today, the progress is amazing,” he said.

Spronk highlighted the widespread interest in access to these data points, which many farmers and producers are able and excited to provide.

“We have the best agricultural system in the world, and our competitors are now asking, ‘Well, prove it,’” he noted. “I think we’re fully capable of proving that through primary data to answer questions at both the policy level and the consumer level. We can specifically answer questions about our contribution to greenhouse gases, our contribution to carbon, our soil erosion rate.”

Zieba concurred — and encouraged the sector to share that data with others.  

“We’re in a new world where people do want to talk about sustainability, and they want to know what the metrics are,” she said. “We have a great story to tell. People are surprised that we have such a good story to tell. And I think producers should be really happy that we have that story.”

The experts on the panel all agreed, however, that the act of telling that story is where the agriculture industry has sometimes fallen short.

“You have the trust (in agriculture), but the messaging hasn’t been trickled out to enough people,” said Zieba. “I think that’s one of the biggest issues — because we have the data, we have the information, but it’s also how you message things. You can’t bombard people with facts.”

Lyons suggested that meeting the consumer where they are and sharing information about agriculture in new and surprising ways could be the key to changing the narrative.

“One of the seven values of Alltech is telling the story,” he said. “I think it’s interesting to try engage with people (over) the things that they like to do.”

Lyons also recommended that highlighting the crucial role of agriculture in feeding the world will be key to engaging with consumers more successfully.

“This industry is the industry that’s going to save the planet,” he said. “And I think that’s going to be the piece that we build upon. We just have to keep telling the story, because it takes a while for it to sink in.”

Alltech shares about agriculture’s vital role in feeding the world and combating climate change in numerous ways, including sharing sustainability stories on its Working Together for a Planet of Plenty™ website, through podcasts and blogs, and at its annual Alltech ONE Conference. Alltech is also involved in a new documentary, “World Without Cows,” which offers a scientific look at the cultural, economic and environmental impact of cattle on our world.

Mitloehner recalled a piece of advice from his father that farmers and producers would be wise to consider: Do good things and to talk about them.

“Let’s not forget about the second part of that sentence,” he added. “Because we are doing a lot of good things, and now we have to find out how to quantify it appropriately, how to communicate it effectively, how to get it into the heads of people who make decisions. Because we have a great story to tell. It’s time that we’re telling it.”

When working to maximize fertility in cattle, cows are often the focus. However, bull fertility is a crucial consideration for any beef operation. Not only do bulls contribute to the genetic improvement of the herd, but bulls with poor fertility — or any characteristic that affects their ability to breed — can significantly reduce the pregnancy and weaning percentage of the cow herd, lowering productivity and profitability.

Many factors, including management, genetics and even nutrition, can impact both female and male fertility. The nutritional status of the bull, and even the nutritional status of his dam during her gestation with him, have been linked to the calf’s gains, age of puberty attainment, and even semen quality.

How trace minerals boost fertility

While proper energy and protein supplementation are key, the importance of trace minerals cannot be underestimated. These essential nutrients, including zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se), are known to be involved in hormone secretion and synthesis, and they are needed for the normal functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (Watts, 1990).

Table 1. Function and deficiency symptoms directly related to reproduction in ruminants (Ewing and Charlton, 2007)

Functions

• Zn: Involved in production, storage and secretion of hormones that regulate several systems including immunity. Key constituent of insulin, testosterone and adrenal corticosteroids.
   
• Mn: Involved in cholesterol synthesis, insulin activity, and production of thyroxine, in addition to the production and synthesis of hormones including estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.
   
• Cu: Component of, or essential to the activity of, many enzymes, including those involved in immunity and reproduction.
   
• Se: Plays a role in the production of thyroxine hormone, which can affect growth rates. Promotes reproductive function.

Deficiencies 

• Zn: Zinc deficiency can impair sexual function, with lower conception rates, reduced testis growth and severely impaired spermatozoan maturation.
   
• Mn: Manganese deficiency can lower fertility in adults and lead to reproductive failure through impaired or irregular estrus, fetal reabsorption, or deformities.
   
• Cu: Copper deficiency can be associated with reproductive failure, including issues with reduced fertility, delayed or depressed estrus, abortion, and poor semen quality.
   
• Se: Poor selenium status contributes to reproductive disorders including cystic ovaries and metritis, as well as problems with estrus, ovulation, embryo fertilization and development. It can also impair sperm motility.

Trace minerals to support both cows and bulls

In areas where known trace mineral deficiencies exist, especially in regards to zinc, manganese, copper and selenium, supplementation with organic trace minerals (such as Alltech’s selenium yeast technology Sel-Plex® as well as its Bioplex® Cu, Mn and Zn) can be advantageous. Organic trace minerals, as opposed to commonly used inorganic types, are more bioavailable and thus better utilized by the animal. This is less wasteful and more efficient, and it helps to prevent harmful excretions of unused minerals into the environment.

Reported improvements in reproductive efficiency with organic trace minerals have included higher pregnancy rates and weaning percentages, fewer open days, and earlier puberty attainment.

While trace mineral requirements are often higher than maintenance needs for optimized health and fertility, and while the 2000 edition of the NRC defines these requirements clearly for gestating and early-lactation cows as well as for growing and finishing cattle, no specific requirements are listed in the NRC for bulls. Given the importance of trace minerals, however, especially in relation to hormone synthesis and spermatogenesis, trace mineral supplementation should be a key part of bull management even well before the onset of breeding season. For example, it takes approximately 60 days for new sperm to be produced and to mature; therefore, proper supplementation prior to bull turnout is key.

Bull fertility starts in utero

Trace minerals can also have an impact on fetal development and programming. One published beef study looked at the selenium form (inorganic selenium vs. Sel-Plex) fed to cows during gestation, examining how these two selenium sources affected transcriptome profiles in neonatal calf testes. The authors reported that the selenium form fed to the dam affected the expression of 853 annotated genes, including several mRNAs involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis and/or spermatogenesis (Cerny et al., 2015). This indicates that the form of selenium fed to the dam could impact the eventual fertility of her offspring.

In conclusion, the development of fertility in both heifers and bulls can be strongly affected by nutrition, starting in utero. Ensuring proper nutrition for the entire herd, not just the cows, is essential for a successful and profitable breeding season. Even small changes in overall nutrition, such as the inclusion of organic trace minerals such as Bioplex and Sel-Plex, can pay huge dividends, not only for the immediate calving season but over the productive lifespan of replacement heifers and bulls as well.

About the author: 

Laurentia van Rensburg is the global head of commercial (nutrition), Technology Group at Alltech. Prior to this role, she was the technical mineral manager for the Alltech Mineral Management platform. Laurentia has more than 15 years of experience in the livestock and animal science industries and has served in various roles in South Africa, the Netherlands, Latin America and North America.

Originally from South Africa, Laurentia earned a master's degree in animal science from the University of Kentucky.

I want to learn more about nutrition for my beef cattle.