Soil nematodes are microscopic or macroscopic parasites capable of affecting a wide range of agricultural crops around the world. These organisms are widely recognized for their ability to cause significant nematode damage by infecting plant roots and disrupting normal plant development.

By attacking plant roots, nematodes in soil lead to numerous issues, including stunted plant growth, reduced crop yields, and even complete plant death in severe infestations. This poses a serious challenge for agricultural producers, with heightened impact in regions where crop productivity is essential for maintaining food security and social and economic stability.

With the increasing global demand for sustainable and effective control methods, the development and use of bionematicides have gained importance. These biological products stand out as a promising strategy to tackle plant parasites and mitigate their adverse effects on agriculture.

Understanding soil nematodes

Nematodes are worm-like organisms, ranging in size from a fraction of a millimeter to several centimeters in length. They are found in virtually every habitat on Earth, including soil, freshwater and saltwater, and even inside plants, animals and insects. Within the soil, nematodes play a variety of roles, functioning as decomposers, predators and, in some cases, parasites.

Nematodes in soil contribute to ecosystem balance by feeding on bacteria, fungi, and even other nematodes. This helps to regulate populations and maintain a healthy soil environment. Beneficial nematodes, for instance, are critical for the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. These helpful organisms improve soil structure and fertility, providing an essential foundation for sustainable agricultural systems. Predatory nematodes further contribute to plant health by controlling plant-parasitic nematodes and other pests.

The soil nematode community is highly diverse, with some nematode species playing essential roles in enhancing soil fertility. These nematodes interact with microorganisms, breaking down organic matter into forms that plants can readily absorb. This process supports healthy root development and increases plant resilience against stressors.

However, not all nematodes in soil are beneficial. Some have evolved to exploit plants, becoming significant agricultural pests. These nematodes are called plant parasites, and they cause major damage to crops.

Understanding the balance between beneficial nematodes and plant-parasitic nematodes is crucial for effective soil management and crop production.

The negative impact of plant-parasitic nematodes

Plant-parasitic nematodes feed on plant roots or aerial tissues, resulting in deformities, necrosis, and a reduced capacity for nutrient and water uptake. The cumulative damage weakens the overall health of the plants, reducing crop quality and yield.

Globally, plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause 12.3% of all crop losses, translating to approximately US$150 billion annually.

In addition to causing direct harm, plant-parasitic nematodes can serve as vectors for pathogens, introducing diseases that further threaten agricultural productivity. This dual impact underscores the urgent need for effective and sustainable nematode population management strategies to safeguard global food systems.

Plant-parasitic nematodes are highly adaptable and can infect a wide range of crops, including vegetables, grains and fruit trees. Their presence in soil often goes unnoticed until significant damage has occurred, as symptoms such as stunted growth and yellowing leaves can be mistaken for nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, early detection and integrated management strategies are critical to minimizing losses caused by these plant parasites.

The role of bionematicides in nematode management

Bionematicides represent a sustainable solution to the challenges posed by nematodes in soil. These biological products use living organisms or their derivatives to suppress nematode populations. Compared to chemical nematicides, bionematicides are generally safer for the environment, nontoxic to humans and animals, and less likely to contribute to the development of resistance among target species.

Among the most promising microorganisms used in bionematicides is Bacillus subtilis, a bacterium known for its versatility and beneficial activities in the soil. This microorganism produces resistant spores that allow it to survive in adverse conditions, ensuring long-term efficacy.

Representation of Bacillus spp.

How Bacillus subtilis works

The action mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis make it an effective tool for managing plant-parasitic nematodes and other harmful nematode species.

1. Production of antibiotics and metabolites: Bacillus subtilis produces antimicrobial substances and secondary metabolites that directly inhibit the growth and activity of nematodes.
2. Competition and exclusion: By colonizing the soil, this bacterium competes with nematodes for space and resources, reducing nematode populations and preventing them from inflicting damage.
3. Induction of plant resistance: Bacillus subtilis can trigger natural defense mechanisms in plants, enhancing root resistance to nematode infection and improving the plant's overall resilience.

The use of Bacillus subtilis in agricultural practices not only addresses nematode damage but also improves soil health by fostering a balanced microbial community. This dual benefit makes it an invaluable resource for modern, sustainable farming.

Advantages of lyophilized bionematicides

Lyophilized (freeze-dried) biological products offer considerable benefits for agricultural use. This advanced formulation method preserves the viability of microorganisms, such as Bacillus subtilis, for extended periods. It also increases resistance to environmental stressors like heat and humidity, making storage and transportation more practical. Farmers thus benefit from a reliable product that retains its effectiveness until the moment of application.

Additionally, ingredients like lactose may be added to lyophilized bionematicides to boost performance. Lactose serves as a nutritional substrate, supporting microorganism viability during lyophilization and storage. Once applied to the soil, this additive promotes increased microbial activity, resulting in more effective nematode control, improved soil health and enhanced crop productivity.

Building a sustainable future with bionematicides

The integration of well-formulated bionematicides into modern agricultural practices represents a transformative approach to managing plant-parasitic nematodes. By leveraging the natural benefits of microorganisms like Bacillus subtilis, farmers can effectively protect their crops while minimizing environmental impact. These solutions not only address immediate challenges posed by nematode damage but also contribute to the long-term sustainability of agricultural systems.

As the agricultural industry continues to evolve, the increasing use of innovative tools such as bionematicides will play a critical role in ensuring food security, improving soil health, and fostering environmentally responsible farming practices. This shift toward biological control methods aligns with global efforts to reduce chemical inputs and build a more resilient and productive future for agriculture. Farmers, researchers, and policymakers must collaborate to promote the widespread adoption of these sustainable solutions, ensuring that agriculture remains viable and productive for many generations to come.

About the authors:

Rayssa Santos is the research and development manager at Alltech Brazil. An agricultural engineer with a strong academic background in crop science and agronomy, Santos earned her undergraduate degree from the Federal University of Paraná in 2016, followed by a master’s degree in crop science from the University of São Paulo’s Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture in 2018. In 2019, she expanded her expertise with a specialization in marketing from the University of São Paulo. She later completed her Ph.D. in agronomy, focusing on crop production, at the State University of Maringá in 2022.

Milene Souza is a campaign and portfolio analyst for Alltech Crop Science. In this role, she supports and assists the company's marketing team in the field by managing campaigns and the creation of communications materials and content. Born in the countryside in the Brazilian state of Paraná, Souza grew up surrounded by a rural environment and developed an appreciation for farm life and agricultural work from an early age. She earned an undergraduate degree in agricultural engineering from the State University of Maringá.

With chicken meat being a great source of protein and one of the most readily available to the human population, broiler producers perform an essential role in meeting the increasing global demand for animal protein. Chicken is one of the less expensive types of meats, meaning that broiler chicken producers are already doing a great job in the fight to produce more from less. However, the increased demand for protein comes along with increased awareness of climate change and the impact that agriculture has on greenhouse gas emissions, meaning there is a drive for more sustainable chicken production.

Producing more protein from less

Global warming is proceeding at such a rate that it is undeniable that human activities have produced gases that are trapping the sun’s energy, leading to more intense weather events, reducing biodiversity, and disrupting humans’ current way of life. Therefore, as the poultry industry works to meet the increasing global demand for animal protein, it needs to simultaneously reduce its impact on the environment.

65-75% of the carbon footprint of a broiler production system comes from feed; therefore, effective poultry nutrition plays an essential part in decreasing carbon emissions. By using innovation and technology to find solutions to improve feed efficiency, we can enable chickens to use less feed to achieve the same output, improving both environmental and economic sustainability. One of these solutions in broiler diets is the use of Mannan rich fraction (MRF), which has been developed to improve the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of broiler production.

Optimum poultry gut health

Maintaining the gut health of broilers is key to getting optimum performance and feed efficiency, helping the chicken to utilize the feed provided to it and reduce its carbon footprint. The modern broiler has huge genetic potential to convert feed into growth with outstanding efficiency. As a producer, the job is to reduce production challenges and stressors that can negatively affect the gut health of the bird, which could prevent birds from reaching their genetic potential.

One of the most critical determinants of gut health is the diversity of the gut microbiome. A diverse microbiome with beneficial microbes acts as a protective barrier covering the gut, thus preventing the colonization of pathogenic bacteria. Promoting a diverse gut microbiome supports the gut health of the animal and improves gut integrity, resulting in a large surface area so the animal can absorb nutrients efficiently. MRF is a natural extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been comprehensively researched in poultry. Dietary MRF as a natural substitute to in-feed antibiotics has been shown in several research and commercial studies to promote bird gut health, performance, welfare, and resilience by supporting the immune system, improving nutrient absorption, and protecting against harmful bacteria.

MRF – Many modes of action

These beneficial responses have been attributed to the effects of dietary MRF to optimize gut health and microbial diversity. Research has shown that MRF can influence microbiome diversity by changing the β-diversity and increasing α-diversity, indicating a healthier gut environment with less pathogenic bacteria and more short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. Additionally, research has shown that MRF can prevent pathogen colonization in the gut, enhance intestinal morphology, favorably modulate the gut microbiota and microbial metabolism, and stimulate immune development and function. By supporting and maintaining gut health, this ultimately helps improve overall bird health and performance. This has recently been documented in a meta-analysis by Salami et al. (2024), which used data from 27 studies. The paper’s objective was to examine the impact of MRF on broiler performance and the implications for greenhouse gas emissions from chicken production.

Performance

Meta-analysis results showed that broiler performance was significantly improved by MRF when compared to a control:

Environmental impact

From these improvements seen in the meta-analysis results in broiler production, Salami et al. (2024) went on to calculate the effects these improvements would have on the carbon footprint when supplementing with MRF:

Conclusions

In broiler production, economic and environmental sustainability are closely linked, meaning that feeding technologies that improve performance can deliver sustainability benefits that align with several of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

With gut health being key for the efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients, it is vital to support and maintain gut health to achieve optimal growth and development of chickens, which can be achieved through the supplementation of the diet with MRF. The results from the above-mentioned meta-analysis demonstrate improved performance parameters with MRF. T

The LCA then showed that the supplementation of MRF can enhance broiler performance, improve profitability, reduce carbon footprint, and meet sustainability goals. With correct supplementation, more cost-effective, environmentally sustainable feeds can be produced, resulting in a greater return on investment and a lower carbon footprint.

References​

1. ​Leigh, R.J., Corrigan, A., Murphy, R.A., Taylor-Pickard, J., Moran, C.A. and Walsh, F. (2024). Yeast mannan rich fraction positively influences microbiome uniformity, productivity associated taxa, and lay performance. Animal Microbiome, 6(1).
2. ‌Leigh, R.J., Corrigan, A., Murphy, R.A. and Walsh, F. (2022). Effect of Mannan-rich fraction supplementation on commercial broiler intestinum tenue and cecum microbiota. Animal microbiome, 4(1).
3. Corrigan, A.; Fay, B.; Corcionivoschi, N.; Murphy, R. Effect of yeast mannan-rich fractions on reducing Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2017, 26, 350–357.
4. Corrigan, A.; de Leeuw, M.; Penaud-Frézet, S.; Dimova, D.; Murphy, R. Phylogenetic and functional alterations in bacterial community compositions in broiler ceca as a result of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 81, 3460–3470.
5. Hofacre, C.; Beacorn, T.; Collett, S.; Mathis, G. Using competitive exclusion, mannan-oligosaccharide and other intestinal products to control necrotic enteritis. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2003, 12, 60–64.
6. McCaffrey, C.; Corrigan, A.; Moynagh, P.; Murphy, R. Effect of yeast cell wall supplementation on intestinal integrity, digestive enzyme activity and immune traits of broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 2021, 62, 771–782.
7. Shashidhara, R.; Devegowda, G. Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on broiler breeder production traits and immunity. Poult. Sci. 2003, 82, 1319–1325.
8. Yang, Y.; Iji, P.; Kocher, A.; Mikkelsen, L.; Choct, M. Effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharide on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut development of broilers given different cereal-based diets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2008, 92, 650–659.
9. Delaney, S.; Do, T.T.; Corrigan, A.; Murphy, R.; Walsh, F. Investigation into the effect of mannan-rich fraction supplementation on the metagenome of broiler chickens. Microb. Genom. 2021, 7, 000602.
10. Salami, S.A., Taylor-Pickard, J., Ross, S.A. and Moran, C.A. (2024). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Yeast Mannan-Rich Fraction on Broiler Performance and the Implication for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Chicken Production. Animals, 14(11), pp.1595–1595. 

About the author:

Dr. Harriet Walker is the poultry specialist for the Alltech Technology Group. Within this role she provides technical support to the sales force and supports and interprets poultry research activities, focusing on providing solutions to optimize animal performance and efficiency.

Before taking this role, Harriet worked in the industry as a poultry nutritionist, developing a solid nutritional and technical knowledge base. She has extensive experience in bird nutrition and management over various farm sizes and poultry types.

Harriet completed her Ph.D. at Nottingham Trent University in 2013, evaluating the gut health and performance of broilers when feeding supplements to reduce antibiotic use, elucidating their mode of action. She also studied animal science at the University of Nottingham, where she completed her third-year dissertation in poultry nutrition in 2009.

I want to learn more about nutrition for poultry.

Biosecurity is a term that is often used and often misunderstood. With the intent of protecting their pigs, modern pork producers require meticulous attention to who has access to their farms; equipment and product sanitation prior to entry; and strict herd health monitoring to prevent viruses like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PEDV) from entering the farm.

However, an often-overlooked area of risk in this equation is feed biosecurity. Even in our modern agricultural practices, viruses can easily hitch a ride into a farm on feed ingredients, silently entering and rendering all other biosecurity efforts futile.

To address this challenge, organic-acid-based feed mitigant (OAFM) offers a robust option to achieve viral mitigation in feed. OAFM effectively bridges the feed gap in biosecurity programs, being designed to mitigate viral agents such as PRRSV and PEDV through treated feed. OAFM provides a crucial layer of protection that can help prevent farms from experiencing devastating disease outbreaks.

As a result of many hard lessons learned during the introduction of PEDV into the industry over a decade ago, there is now a robust body of work in the field of feed biosecurity. It is well documented that viral pathogens like PRRSV and PEDV can survive in feed ingredients, especially in conditions that mimic long-distance transportation. This has profound implications, as feed becomes a “Trojan horse,” entering farms with the potential to spread these diseases far and wide. PRRSV alone costs the U.S. pork industry an estimated $664 million annually due to reduced reproductive performance, increased pig mortality, and the need for depopulation in severe cases. PEDV, although slightly less costly, can still wipe out entire groups of pigs, particularly young and newborn piglets​.

Traditionally, biosecurity measures have focused on controlling other vectors, like people, vehicles and live pigs. However, feed has become an increasing concern as a possible transmission route for these viruses. Pathogens can contaminate feed ingredients during production, storage or transport, highlighting the need for a comprehensive biosecurity strategy that includes feed mitigation​.

Despite the growing awareness of feed as a transmission risk, it remains under-prioritized in many swine biosecurity plans. This oversight likely stems from the assumption that feed, a seemingly inert product, poses minimal risk as a potential vector for disease introduction. However, modern research has shown that feed ingredients, especially soybean meal, can serve as carriers for harmful pathogens like PRRSV.

OAFM is comprised primarily of organic acids and has proven antiviral activity. It was specifically formulated to rapidly reduce diet pH, causing changes to virus survivability. Since the product does not use formaldehyde as part of the mitigation strategy, OAFM offers a safe and natural mitigant option without compromising animal performance or worker safety​.

Preventing a disease outbreak is far less costly than dealing with the aftermath. According to industry estimates, a PRRSV outbreak can cost a farm up to $400 per sow annually when losses from reduced productivity, increased veterinary costs, and culling of infected animals are all considered. PEDV outbreaks, while less frequent, can have similarly devastating financial impacts​.

Figure 1: PRRSV cumulative incidence across herds participating in the Morrison Swine Health Monitoring Project, which represents approximately 50% of sows in the U.S. Since the beginning of the project, annual incidence of PRRSV outbreaks across the represented herds has ranged from 18% to 40%.

Figures 2 and 3: Dee et al. demonstrated a significant reduction in herds practicing next-generation biosecurity (NGB), which incorporates systems designed to mitigate virus entry through direct routes of PRRSV entry such as infected animals and semen; indirect routes such as mechanical vectors and fomites, aerosol and feed. Farms that did not address one or more of these areas of virus entry experienced higher incidence of PRRSV breaks over a three-year period, and also saw improved KPIs in their herds.

Source: Dee et al.(2024). Further evidence that science-based biosecurity provides sustainable prevention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and improved productivity in swine breeding herds. Animals 14, 2530. 10.3390/ani14172530.

Feed mitigants like OAFM provide a relatively inexpensive insurance policy against these losses. By investing in feed biosecurity, producers can safeguard their herds and protect their bottom lines from the potentially devastating costs of a viral outbreak.

In the fight against viral diseases like PRRSV and PEDV, and with other health challenges looming on the horizon, OAFM offers a crucial line of defense for the modern pork production system. As swine biosecurity continues to evolve, the importance of feed mitigation can no longer be ignored. Use of OAFM will help ensure that feed remains a source of nourishment only — not of infection.

About the authors:

Dr. Jose Soto is the monogastric research and technical lead at Alltech. He was born and raised in Chile, where he received undergraduate and graduate training in agricultural sciences and agricultural economics, respectively. He received a Ph.D. in applied swine nutrition from Kansas State University, where he worked extensively with amino acid nutrition and dietary energy economic modeling. Prior to joining Alltech, Dr. Soto served in various roles for three of the Top 10 swine integrators in the U.S., in addition to several swine nutrition companies, where he was involved with research and development, production operations and technical services. 

Dr. Andrew Bents is a swine technical veterinarian at Hubbard Feeds. He attended the University of Minnesota where he earned both his Bachelor of Science degree in Animal Science, as well as his Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree. After graduation, Dr. Bents served the Worthington, MN area as a mixed animal veterinarian, with an emphasis on swine production.  

At Hubbard, his role is to support pork producers by integrating and managing the interaction of health on all aspects of pork production through cooperation with producers, nutritionists, and their veterinarians. He is passionate about finding ways to improve pig health through advanced husbandry, nutrition, epidemiology, and pharmacovigilance techniques.

In his spare time, Dr. Bents enjoys spending time with his family, serving his church and community, helping on the family farm and woodworking in his shop.

I want to learn more about nutrition for my pig herd. 

I recently sat down with Dr. Shelby Roberts, Alltech technical sales support, to take a closer look at calf gut health, the importance of nutrition during the first weeks of the calf’s life, and some other calving season considerations. Here are a few points to keep in mind before and during spring calving.

1. Management of your process and facilities is half the battle for a healthy calving season.

Nutrition is a major player in the success of a calf’s life, but proper management of your herd is essential to the health of your cattle. Dr. Roberts shared some management tips to keep in mind as calving season progresses.

• Inspect your facilities before and throughout calving season. Ensuring that fences are mended and gates and latches are in working order can keep those sneaky calves from sliding through — thus avoiding that dreaded call from the neighbor that you have one out!
• Develop a vaccination schedule with your veterinarian. A solid vaccination schedule for the cow and, eventually, for the calves is an important step to a healthy herd.
• Manage your calving areas. They should be kept clean and dry. Also, avoid overcrowding. Overcrowding of pens can lead to lots of manure buildup, which increases the pathogen load within the pen. It can be easier said than done to keep things clean and dry when you’re calving in mud, snow, rain and whatever else nature throws at you, but do your best. Putting out straw, or moving cattle who are close to calving to a drier area (a calving barn, if available), will pay back in spades, giving those calves the best start possible.
• Avoid constant commingling of older and younger calves. Younger calves are more susceptible to scours than older calves. Try to keep your groups separate for as long as you can to ensure that those calves have had a chance to get adjusted, with their immune systems fully up and running.
• If facilities allow, manage first-calf heifers separately. First-calf heifers, in general, have lower-quality colostrum compared to older cows. This can leave calves susceptible to pathogens if managed in a larger group.

2. Keep the essentials on hand and easy to access.

What constitutes as “essential” will vary by operation. Think about your operation and consider what you need to have stocked for the season – especially if you don’t have easy access to the store in a pinch. A few things that are handy to keep near and on hand are:

• Ear tagger and ear tags (with numbers prewritten, if you can!)
• Portable scale and sling if taking birth weights
• Record book or record-keeping app
• Iodine spray for the calf’s navel
• A sorting stick to keep mom at bay while you help her calf
• Bottles and tubes
• Colostrum powder, milk replacer and electrolytes
• Pulling chains and any attachments
• Access to hot water
• A calf warmer, or a place to warm them up
• Clothes of varying weights and warmth for varying weather
• Caffeine – and maybe whiskey!

3. Colostrum is critical for the calf’s immune system.

Colostrum is the mother’s first milk and the calf’s first source of immunity and nutrients. Antibodies from colostrum protect calves until their naive immune systems are fully functional. Calves are susceptible early on to a host of potential illnesses, so ensuring that they nurse and/or are supplemented with colostrum in the first hours after birth is crucial to their lifelong success. That’s an important fact to consider, especially when many beef producers don’t have access to a calving barn — or an easy way to get to the calf — when the calf first hits the ground.

Once the calf nurses, not only is getting that colostrum in their system critical, but the quality of the colostrum can affect the success of the calf as well. For better colostrum quality, the rancher needs to look toward the dam. Cows start producing colostrum around five weeks before they give birth, so it is essential to consider the dam’s nutritional needs well before birth to enhance her colostrum quality and, subsequently, the health of her calf. Choosing from the Bio-Mos range of nutritional technologies is one great way to give your calves a strong start to a healthy life.

4. A balancing act is happening in the gut.

Dr. Roberts and I took time to talk about how the antibodies the calf consumes by way of colostrum affect its health and immunity. What it comes down to is a balancing act happening in the gut.

Good bacteria are constantly fighting to keep the pathogenic bacteria in check. Simultaneously, the animal’s immune system is fighting the pathogenic bacteria. The immune system and the good bacteria work together to keep the animal healthy and to suppress the pathogenic bacteria. When antibiotics are used, this clears out the pathogenic bacteria AND the good bacteria. When the gut recolonizes, the animal is at risk for pathogenic bacteria recolonizing at a quicker rate than the good bacteria, leaving the immune system as the last and only line of defense when antibiotics are removed.

The first couple weeks after birth can remain a period of elevated risk as the maternal antibodies disappear and the calf’s immunity is still maturing, as shown in the diagram. In fact, according to Dr. Roberts, “Mortality data shows that most calf death occurs within the first two weeks of life.”

5. There are so many options, but all nutrition products are not created equal.

When producers are considering nutrition strategies, Dr. Roberts encourages them to think holistically about dam nutrition by considering the seasonal changes in the dam’s nutrition needs. Her needs — and the needs of the calf — will vary throughout the seasons.

Nutritional solutions like Bio-Mos® are beneficial pre-calving and beyond. Since the 1980s, Alltech has been conducting studies on these technologies, and the calf research has shown the following results:

• Maintenance of gastrointestinal health
• Alteration of intestinal microbial populations
• Stimulation of immune activity
• Stimulation of the natural defenses of the animal 

Bio-Mos has also been tested in different life stage changes — like transitional receiving diets. In a study conducted in a commercial feedlot in Southern Alberta in Canada, 902 mixed-breed, newly weaned beef cattle were split into two groups, one fed a control and one supplemented with Bio-Mos. Cattle fed Bio-Mos showed improved average daily gain and maintained a healthy immune response. 

Calving season is a critical time of year for producers, as healthy calves on the ground directly affect the success of the operation throughout the whole year. Consider utilizing these tips and tools to put your cattle in the best position for a successful start and a successful life. Best of luck, and happy calving!

About the author:

An Ohio farm girl with roots down in Kansas on her husband's family cow-calf operation in the beautiful Kansas Flint Hills, Cece Blythe's involvement in the cattle industry is more than her job, but her lifestyle. She pursued her interest in agriculture through her degree in agribusiness and applied economics from The Ohio State University and comes to Alltech with a background in livestock genetics and marketing.

Cece has been with Alltech since 2020, where she serves as the Western U.S. marketing manager.

I want to learn more about nutrition for beef cattle. 

As winter temperatures set in, dairy producers face unique challenges to maintain herd health and productivity. Cold weather increases energy demands for calves and cows alike, making dairy herd management and preparation critical.

Below are six key strategies to help your dairy operation thrive through the colder months.

1. Bedding: Insulate and protect

When the temperature drops, proper bedding is essential to insulate calves and minimize heat loss. For dairy calves under 21 days of age, whose energy needs increase significantly below 60°F/16°C, keeping them dry and well-bedded is a top priority. Dry straw bedding up to their knees provides excellent natural insulation and reduces their risk of respiratory disease.

Pair bedding with clean and dry calf jackets to further conserve body heat. Calf jackets can raise a calf’s internal body temperature by as much as 25°F (14°C), providing an added layer of protection during severe cold spells.

2. Feeding: Increase energy intake

To support calves’ energy requirements in the winter weather, consider feeding them three times a day. Frequent feedings help stabilize rumen pH and provide additional energy needed to combat cold stress. Offer warm water free choice immediately after feeding to encourage hydration before calves lie down. Keep in mind that warm water can freeze faster than cold water, so monitor water sources regularly to ensure they remain unfrozen.

3. Water: Maintain access and ideal temperatures

Water is critical for dairy cows, as it directly affects feed intake and milk production. Ensure waterers are clean, free from ice, and functioning properly. Regularly check water temperatures with a thermometer to confirm that heaters are operational. The ideal water temperature for dairy cows ranges between 40–65°F (4–18°C). Cows tend to prefer plate cooler water because it is warmer than well water, so consider this when planning your water supply.

4. Ventilation: Prevent drafts and ensure fresh air

Dairy cows can tolerate extreme cold, withstanding temperatures as low as -20°F (-29°C), provided they are dry and shielded from drafts. However, high winds combined with moderate temperatures can cause significant stress. Prevent drafts by patching holes in curtains, sealing door gaps, and minimizing open spaces where wind can enter.

Proper ventilation is equally important. Maintain barn wall fans by cleaning, lubricating, and replacing belts as needed. Ensure fresh air inlets are functioning to replace stale air in the barn. Ample dry bedding and a clean, groomed resting area will also help keep cows comfortable and healthy.

5. Frostbite prevention: Protect teats in cold weather

Frostbite and frozen teats are a serious concern for dairy cows exposed to wind chills after leaving the parlor. To mitigate this risk, ensure teats are completely dry before cows exit. In severely cold conditions, even residual milk film should be removed. Apply a germicidal post-dip containing 5–12% multi-skin conditioners to prevent chapping and cracking. Allow the dip to sit for 30 seconds before wiping teats dry. Avoid using water to wash teats during freezing temperatures.

6. Mastitis prevention: Dry teats and singe udders

Managing somatic cell counts and mastitis requires reducing the accumulation of organic matter on cows. In winter, singeing udders is an effective way to prevent organic debris from sticking to the hair. Perform this procedure at critical times, such as prior to calving, during dry-off, or whenever hair is visibly long. Singeing udders also reduces sediment in milk filters and simplifies cow preparation. Conduct this procedure in head locks or close-up areas, but avoid doing so in the parlor whenever possible.

Understanding how cows stay warm in the winter, and caring for a cow properly, are essential aspects of winter cattle management. By implementing these strategies, you can support the health and productivity of your cows in winter. A proactive approach to bedding, feeding, water management, ventilation, frostbite prevention, and mastitis control will ensure your dairy operation continues to thrive despite the challenges of cold weather.

I want to learn more about nutrition for dairy herd. 

In the agricultural industry, silage quality plays a crucial role in driving business growth and success, particularly for companies focused on livestock production. High-quality silage boosts feed efficiency, animal health, and overall farm profitability by providing nutrient-rich, stable feed that supports optimal growth and production. Poor-quality silage, on the other hand, can lead to nutrient deficiencies, reduced digestibility and increased feed costs.

The team at Hunland Group, a leading multinational in livestock trade and farming, knows the importance of high-quality silage firsthand — and they know that modern silage management and silage inoculants are crucial in achieving the highest nutrient levels.

In 2023, Hunland traded 350,000 head of cattle and an equivalent number of small ruminants. It also expanded to include pig integration, boasting a 60000-place facility and exporting 1,5 million pigs annually. Hunland’s impressive scale is further highlighted by its involvement in exporting 45% of Hungary’s sheep population and 20% of its cattle population, making it a pivotal force in the industry.

In recent years, Hunland’s dedication to excellence has been evident in its crop-farming efforts, particularly in the production of high-quality grass silage. Operating on 4,700 hectares, Hunland produces crops including maize, rye, and grass silage for feeding livestock. In 2023, the company produced a staggering 127,000 tons of fermented feed across 11 sites.

Strategic choices for superior results

Key factors such as dry matter content, fiber digestibility and fermentation quality ensure that feed retains its nutritional value throughout storage. Effective silage inoculants help stabilize the silage, reducing spoilage and enhancing its nutritional profile.

Hunland’s choice to use the leading-edge inoculant Egalis® Ferment was a strategic decision driven by the need for high-quality silage that could be used quickly without compromising nutritional value. Egalis Ferment also provided stability under challenging conditions.

“We achieved a lactic acid level of over 100 in our silage, which can be considered very stable and with good nutritional content,” Zoltán Guti, production director at Hunland, explains.

The importance of using a highly effective silage inoculant like Egalis cannot be overstated, especially with crops harvested during high temperatures, making them especially susceptible to fermentation challenges.

“It gives me a lot of confidence, especially when I’m harvesting cereal silage for heifers in the summer and it’s 35–40°C outside,” Guti adds.

With support from Egalis Ferment, Hunland could ensure that its livestock received the best possible nutrition, which elevated both milk and meat production and reduced feed costs per unit.

Award-winning silage: A testament to quality

The Hunland team’s commitment to quality paid off when they won the prestigious “Grass Silages/ Haylages of the Year 2023” award. This accolade, which evaluates silage based on dry matter, fiber digestibility and nutrient content, highlighted Hunland’s commitment to maintaining superior farming practices, including meticulous planning, precise harvesting processes, and the effective application of Egalis Ferment.

“Egalis Ferment promised me a completely stable feed that I could use within two weeks. I wasn’t disappointed. In fact, we managed to produce last year’s best silage using this inoculant,” Zoltán Guti says.

Collaboration and support: A key to success

Hunland’s success with Egalis Ferment was not achieved in isolation. The company received substantial support from Alltech Hungary, whose representatives played a crucial role in ensuring the optimal application of the inoculant.

“We received support from Alltech’s technical team, who really convinced me with arguments and explained why using Egalis Ferment would be beneficial for us,” Guti recalls.

Sandor Koleszar, sales representative for Alltech Hungary, says, “Working closely with Hunland allows us to provide tailored solutions that meet their specific needs. The results speak for themselves, with Hunland’s silage quality reaching award-winning levels.”

Looking ahead: Sustaining excellence

Hunland is determined to maintain and even surpass its high standards in the coming years. The early results from its 2024 harvest are promising, with initial grass silage tests revealing an impressive 85% digestibility and 24% crude protein content.

“The bar is set high for us now because we took home the 2023 first prize for grass silage. But I’m very hopeful, especially after seeing the results of the first cutting, that we can repeat that success with this inoculant again,” Guti says.

As Hunland continues to innovate and expand, its partnership with Alltech and use of Egalis Ferment will remain central to its strategy. This ongoing commitment to excellence solidifies Hunland’s position as a leader in the agricultural sector, both in Hungary and on the international stage.

About the authors:

Elisa Boschi is the global head of marketing for resource efficiency at Alltech's Technology Group. She leads marketing efforts in crops, silage management, and waste management. With 19 years at Alltech, Elisa most recently served as the ruminant marketing manager for Europe. Based in Italy, she enjoys reading, gardening, walking, and dining with family and friends.

Chloe Chisholm is the content manager for the Technology Group at Alltech. In this role, she is responsible for planning and delivering compelling content for all technologies and services in collaboration with the Technology Group marketing leads and wider Alltech creative team. Chloe has been with Alltech since 2022, previously supporting the Mycotoxin Management team as a digital marketing specialist. Chloe holds a degree in English language and literature from Brighton University and is based in Stamford, U.K.

I want to learn more about nutrition for dairy herd.

Sustainability has become a defining buzzword in agriculture, but what does it truly mean for the cattle industry? While some may dismiss it as a trendy marketing term, sustainability is at the core of how we meet present needs without compromising the future. For livestock producers, this means navigating the growing complexity of balancing environmental, social and economic factors.

The evolution of sustainability in agriculture

Believe it or not, the term “sustainability” is fairly new to agriculture’s vocabulary. Before the 1970s, it was virtually unknown, not just in agriculture but in the English language. Over time, it became central to agriculture, where it was initially defined as minimizing waste, conserving resources and promoting ecosystem resilience.

As definitions evolved, the concept expanded into the well-known “three pillars of sustainability”: environmental soundness, social responsibility and economic viability.

Yet for livestock producers, these pillars only scratch the surface.

The five pillars of livestock sustainability

For the livestock sector, sustainability demands a broader framework. These five key pillars provide a practical roadmap for producers:

1. Environmental stewardship: Managing natural resources responsibly to mitigate climate impacts
2. Animal health and welfare: Prioritizing practices that ensure livestock are healthy and well cared for
3. Social awareness: Building trust and maintaining a positive connection between producers and society
4. Food safety: Delivering nutritious, safe products to consumers
5. Financial viability: Ensuring long-term profitability for producers and rural communities

Why does sustainability matter for livestock producers?

The world’s population is growing rapidly, with an estimated 2.3 billion more people expected by 2050. This growth translates to a 60% increase in global food demand, including higher meat consumption in both developed and developing countries. Meeting this demand requires sustainable practices in order to produce more with fewer resources, ensuring food security without depleting the environment.

Livestock plays a critical role in global nutrition, contributing up to 31% of kilocalories and 60% of protein consumption. Beyond food production, livestock supports rural livelihoods, cultural practices, and even biodiversity management through controlled grazing.

Cattle’s economic impact

In the U.S. alone, cattle production accounts for 17% of the $520 billion agricultural market. The livestock industry not only feeds the world but also drives local and national economies. Meat processing plants employ over a third of the agricultural workforce, highlighting the sector’s importance in job creation and economic stability.

Livestock’s role in environmental management

Livestock is a tool for sustainable land management. How do grazing animals help control the grasslands? They maintain plant biodiversity and counter competition from encroaching tall plants.

Controlled grazing practices also reduce wildfire risks. Research from California shows that livestock grazing can mitigate shrub overgrowth and lower burn probabilities, offering a cost-effective solution to wildfire prevention in vulnerable areas.

What does sustainability mean for you?

If you care about the health and welfare of your animals, the financial success of your operation, the safety of your products, and the stewardship of the land, you’re already prioritizing sustainability. By implementing practices aligned with these values, you’re contributing to a more sustainable future for the cattle industry — and for the planet.

Closing thoughts

Sustainability isn’t just a buzzword. It’s a framework for creating a resilient, productive and ethical livestock industry. By focusing on environmental stewardship, animal welfare, social responsibility, food safety and financial viability, producers can meet growing demands while protecting the future.

About the author:

Dr. Sebastian Mejia Turcios is an on-farm support specialist at Alltech with a focus on beef. In this role, he actively engages with others at various levels of the beef industry on topics related to sustainability.

Mejia Turcios is passionate about sharing his knowledge and research with industry leaders, producers, educators and other stakeholders in animal agriculture. Born and raised in Honduras, Mejia Turcios became involved in agriculture at an early age, with a particular love for livestock — which eventually became the focus of his studies. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agronomy from EARTH University in Costa Rica and a master’s degree in animal science from Texas Tech University.

Mejia Turcios completed his Ph.D. in June 2024 at the University of California, Davis, under the direction of Dr. Frank Mitloehner, an internationally known professor of animal agriculture who is also an air-quality expert and director of the CLEAR Center at UC Davis.

I want to learn more about nutrition for beef cattle.

Sustainability has become a major talking point in agriculture. It’s a term you might hear in meetings, read in advertisements, or see referenced in industry discussions. But is it just a marketing buzzword, or does it truly reflect a movement toward sustainable agriculture? More importantly, what does sustainability mean for dairy farming and livestock production?

While it may seem like sustainability has always been a part of our conversations, the term only gained prominence in the 1970s. At its core, sustainability is about meeting the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. In agriculture, this means conserving resources, minimizing waste, and protecting ecosystems, all while ensuring consistent food production.

When applied to livestock, sustainability becomes even more complex. It’s not just about environmental stewardship; it involves balancing animal health and welfare, financial profitability, social responsibility, and food quality. These five sustainability pillars create a framework that dairy farmers can use to drive long-term success while caring for their animals, their communities and the planet.

Why sustainability matters in dairy farming

The world faces immense challenges in feeding a growing population. By 2050, the global population is expected to grow by 2.3 billion people, requiring 60% more food production. Livestock farm animals play a critical role in meeting these needs by providing high-quality, nutrient-dense foods such as meat, milk and other dairy products.

Dairy farms are integral to rural economies and communities, creating jobs and supporting livelihoods. In the United States alone, agriculture and related industries account for over 10% of jobs. Dairy farms contribute to this by providing employment and boosting local economies through processing plants, supply chains and more.

Sustainability also extends to food security, ensuring both the quality and quantity of food. By producing safe, nutritious milk and other products, dairy farms support healthy diets and meet the nutritional needs of a growing population.

How dairy farmers are contributing to sustainability

Sustainability doesn’t need to be an abstract concept; many dairy farmers are already implementing sustainable practices. These include:

• Using biodigesters to convert waste into energy.
• Recycling manure for bedding or as a natural fertilizer.
• Incorporating byproducts into cow diets to reduce food waste.
• Practicing responsible agricultural water management.
• Prioritizing animal welfare through improved housing and care.
• Adding dietary supplements to reduce cows’ environmental impact.
• Managing soil to maintain long-term fertility and productivity.

These actions not only enhance the environmental footprint of dairy farming but also improve financial profitability and community well-being.

The path forward for sustainable dairy farming

Sustainability isn’t just about the planet — it’s about people, animals, and the systems that connect them. As dairy farmers work to improve animal welfare, adopt new technologies and protect natural resources, they’re actively contributing to a sustainable future.

If you care about your animals, want a thriving operation, and believe in producing safe, nutritious milk, you’re already embracing sustainability. Every small step — from managing manure to conserving water — builds a better future for the dairy industry and the world.

About the authors:

Dr. Sebastian Mejia Turcios is an on-farm support specialist at Alltech with a focus on beef. In this role, he actively engages with others at various levels of the beef industry on topics related to sustainability.

Mejia Turcios is passionate about sharing his knowledge and research with industry leaders, producers, educators and other stakeholders in animal agriculture. Born and raised in Honduras, Mejia Turcios became involved in agriculture at an early age, with a particular love for livestock — which eventually became the focus of his studies. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agronomy from EARTH University in Costa Rica and a master’s degree in animal science from Texas Tech University.

Mejia Turcios completed his Ph.D. in June 2024 at the University of California, Davis, under the direction of Dr. Frank Mitloehner, an internationally known professor of animal agriculture who is also an air-quality expert and director of the CLEAR Center at UC Davis.

Jorge Delgado is an on-farm specialist at Alltech, where he focuses on empowering dairy workers for the benefit of the entire industry.

Originally from Ecuador, Delgado comes from a family of dairy farmers. Before joining Alltech, he offered consulting, sales and training services for an Ecuadoran genetic company and also served as a herd manager for multiple dairies in the United States. He has also worked with Elanco’s Dairy Training Program.

Delgado received a bachelor’s degree in agriculture and dairy science from EARTH University in Costa Rica. He and his family currently live in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

I want to learn more about nutrition for dairy herd.

Weather challenges

2024 has presented different challenges for the corn crop. It started with record to near-record spring rainfall across the upper Midwest, leading to late planting, drown-outs and replanting. This delayed the crop’s maturity. In June, the rain stopped, and the crop became uneven, needing heat. As temperatures rose across the Midwest, the corn responded well, but in the east, drought hit it hard. Some ear rot developed, and tar spot was heavy in parts of the Midwest and the Ohio Valley.

Corn health and harvest conditions

Corn health ranged from excellent to poor across the U.S. When harvest began in the Midwest, the weather was excellent, with dry conditions, allowing for a rapid harvest. Corn was coming out of the field dry, needing little to no drying. The USDA reported a yield of 15.2 billion bushels or 183.8 bu./acre, slightly less than the 2023 crop but still significant.

Kernel damage and storage concerns

However, many samples showed high kernel damage and foreign matter content. This could make the corn more susceptible to drawing moisture and mold growth during storage, increasing the risk of mycotoxin development. Proper storage management is crucial for maintaining the quality of corn used in pig feed and other livestock feed.

Mycotoxin levels and risks

Analysis of corn grain found an average of 7.8 mycotoxins per sample, higher than the 2023 crop's 4.5 mycotoxins per sample. Mycotoxins have no safe level, meaning even low levels can pose risks. The most common mycotoxin groups were emerging mycotoxins (found in 100% of samples), fumonisins (86.7%), type B trichothecenes (81.9%), and fusaric acid (80.0%). Zearalenone was present in 46.7% of the samples. These mycotoxins, produced by Fusarium molds, can significantly impact swine health, affecting feed intake, digestion, conception rates and more.

Mycotoxin levels: Average and maximum

On average, mycotoxin levels were mostly moderate in risk: type B trichothecenes at 382 ppb, emerging mycotoxins at 168 ppb, fumonisins at 1,371 ppb, and fusaric acid at 105 ppb. However, maximum levels were much higher, with type B trichothecenes at 3,702 ppb, emerging mycotoxins at 8,313 ppb, fumonisins at 27,597 ppb, and fusaric acid at 1,931 ppb. These mycotoxins can act synergistically, increasing their negative impact on pig feed.

Risk equivalent quantity (REQ) and regional variations

Alltech produces a risk equivalent quantity (REQ) to estimate the total risk from all mycotoxins (7.8 /sample on average) present, rather than just 1 or 2 mycotoxins to estimate risk. For sows, the 2024 corn crop had an average REQ of 63.7 and a maximum of 554. With normal corn inclusion rates into the diet(s), the average mycotoxin risk in finished feeds is moderate, but maximum levels can generate higher risks.

The risk that 2024’s corn represents increases from west to east, with the greatest risk found in the Ohio Valley and Delmarva.

Storage management is key

Storage management is crucial to prevent mycotoxin development, especially for the 2024 crop. It is highly recommended to continue testing corn for mycotoxins throughout the storage period to monitor any potential changes due to mold and mycotoxin development. Then, you can know you’re making informed decisions for your mycotoxin management program.

About the author:

Dr. Max Hawkins offers global technical support at Alltech. In this role, he provides technical support directly to Alltech’s customers, as well as the Alltech Feed Division and the company’s sales, beef and swine teams.

Hawkins has dedicated his career to providing the livestock industry with up-to-date information about the mycotoxin risk around the world. Before joining Alltech, Hawkins taught animal science at Morehead State University and animal nutrition and production at California Polytechnic State University, where he also coached the school’s livestock judging team. As the director of genetic outreach for the National Purebred Swine Registry, he led the group’s field staff and helped producers develop their genetic and performance programs. Hawkins previously served as a technical consultant for the Continental Grains Wayne Feed Division. He also offered sales and technical support at Micron Bio-Systems, with a special focus on mycotoxin management, forage inoculants and probiotics.

Hawkins received a bachelor’s degree from Western Illinois University and both master’s and doctoral degrees from the University of Tennessee. While completing his studies at the University of Tennessee, he coached the university’s livestock judging team and taught livestock production classes.

I want to learn more about pig nutrition.

For the U.S. pork industry, 2024 began with continued unprofitability. High ingredient costs and lower demand weighed heavily on the market. The word used most often to describe our producers was “resilient.” While the industry continued to focus on sustainability and the wise use of resources, the economic component of sustainability, primarily the profitability of pork operations and concerns about the ability to pass farms on to the next generation, became more pronounced.

Fortunately, lower grain prices in early spring ended the longest period of losses the industry had faced since 1998, and profitability returned to our producers as they worked to build back equity. Domestic demand became a focal point, since pork is considered a good value compared to beef, but pork still seemed to be lagging in the retail space. Taste, freshness and value are the top three attributes that consumers look for when purchasing protein. With this in mind, increasing our focus on innovation and how to find new uses for pork — especially the loin — will be important as we look to increase the value of the whole pork carcass.

Exports were a bright spot in 2024, with an increase over 2023, which was also a good year. Mexico is our number-one export market, while countries like the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Australia experienced significant growth. 

Productivity was good, and although sow numbers declined, the number of pigs weaned increased — which is a tribute to the efficiency and sustainability of our industry. Despite higher hog production numbers, market prices have remained higher than anticipated through the end of the year, leading to some much-needed profitability through the end of 2024.

As we look ahead to 2025, trade will continue to be top of mind as the pork industry attempts to avoid disruptions and maintain our current markets while establishing new ones. Growing domestic demand will be a key issue, and plans are in place to build upon the work that’s already been done to promote the taste, freshness and good value of pork as a protein. We’ll also keep taking advantage of the latest food trends, including increased interest in high-protein diets. 

There is some concern about producer fatigue related to the topics of disease prevention and preparedness. However, the threat of African swine fever (ASF) and H5N1 is a near and present concern. Funding for animal health programs is done through the Farm Bill, which makes passage of this piece of legislation key for the pork industry. Threats of disease, whether domestic or transboundary, should serve as a reminder of the value of our farmers’ biosecurity programs and the need to remain ever vigilant.

Finally, human capital continues to be both our greatest asset and one of our greatest challenges. Finding people to work on our farms and in our businesses isn’t easy, and rural areas are already experiencing unemployment rates lower than the national average. Still, whether by engaging with our youth or looking at non-traditional sources of labor, our farmers continue to promote the many opportunities agriculture can offer.

Our resiliency served the pork industry well in 2024, as we met challenges head on and found ways to overcome them. Continuing to focus on productivity, innovation and advocacy will serve us well in 2025.

About the author:

Lori Stevermer is the customer success manager for Alltech's U.S. Pork team. In this role, she collaborates with the company's marketing, sales, technical and management teams to drive internal efficiencies and collaborations that have a positive impact at the customer level.

Lori is deeply interested in and passionate about the swine industry. She currently serves as the president of the National Pork Producers Council (NPPC), where she is also a member. Lori enjoys talking with people about farming and agriculture — and they enjoy talking to her just as much thanks to the wealth of information and advice she offers.

Lori earned a bachelor's degree in animal science from the University of Minnesota. She and her husband, Dale, raise pigs, corn and soybeans near Easton, Minnesota. In her spare time, Lori enjoys biking, running and spending time with her family.

I want to learn more about pig nutrition.